It is native in the Eastern half of the United States, and Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in Canada. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants and Herbs of Eastern and Central North America. N.C. Each leaf is strongly veined and slightly wavy where the veins meet the leaf margins; the leaf bases are asymmetrical. Some would say they are an eyesore or blemish, but I think they are a rather interesting part of nature. This plant has begun to bloom, though the flowers are somewhat obscured by the autumn foliage. This gall, rich in nutrients, provides both food and shelter for the female aphid. One cultivar is listed: `Rubescens' - reddish petals. Seed capsules may also be eaten by small mammals. In the center of the flowers, you can see other flower parts that also come in fours. They are attracted by the color of the petals, a mild (to me, at least) fragrance, and the fact that there is not much else in bloom. These structures are created by Cone Gall Aphids (Hormaphis hamamelidis) and have a fascinating life. Witch-hazel cone gall aphids (the Hormaphis hamamelidis sp. the elusively fragrant, pale yellow blossoms of the witch-hazel need hardly be expected till well on in September, when its leaves have fluttered earthward and its fruit has ripened. Introduce beneficial bugs, like lacewings and ladybugs, to your garden as a natural way to kill aphids. Asher Jones. Each flower has four long, spidery, streamer-like petals. Witch-Hazel leaf gall aphid causes galls 1/2-inch-long. The Gardeners Dilemma: Wild-type Plants or Nativars? Bright green leaves line its flaring branches in spring and summer. In late spring or early summer, the new aphids emerge from the galls and fly to birch where their offspring feed on the leaves as a stage that more closely resembles a scale insect or a mulberry whitefly nymph (the "aleurodiform") than an aphid. Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana, Hamamelidaceae) is our kinky, golden-star flower shrub or small tree that blooms in cold weather when all other flowers are absent from the landscape. There are few better winter displays than the blossoms of 'Pallida' witch hazel. Wikipedia ; Hormaphis on Wikispecies . Clemson Co-operative Extension River Birch Aphid, What a great and interesting article on this species. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. If the weather doesnt cooperate and not enough insects are active, witch-hazel is capable of self-pollination, although cross-pollination with the assistance of an insect is preferred, since this produces a stronger genetic result. Gnats and flies are candidates, as are beetles since the flowers emit some fragrances when warmed by the ever-weakening autumnal sun. The alternation of hosts is well known for other aphids (woolly apple aphid: apple and elm; woolly alder aphid: maple and alder; green peach aphid: peach and many other hosts). Aphids emerge from cones in the late spring/early summer and fly to birch to lay eggs. Pristine leaves unfold in spring, but they are often quickly put to use as food and shelter by another aphid (Hormaphis hamamelidis), the Witch-hazel leaf or cone gall aphid. You can examine the undersides of leaves for beneficial insects such as ladybird (ladybugs) beetles and their larvae, flower fly larvae, lacewing eggs and larvae, and parasite activity. analgesic . Good luck with your gardening efforts! The insect associations of witch-hazel seem somewhat unchronicled, especially its pollinators. Minor bleeding. The flowers look very pretty with the snow on them, and interesting info as well. In the late summer, another generation flies back to the witch hazel and the cycle begins again. TheWitch Hazel Cone Gall Aphid (Hormaphis hamamelidis) creates cone-shaped galls on witch hazel foliage, and similarly may use birch as an alternate host. This gall is caused by an aphid(Phylloxeracaryaecaulis). Step 1. Scalp problems. These mate, and the females lay overwintering eggs. Botanica North America. Garden Uses: Common witchhazel extends the gardens flowering season and provides resources to late-season pollinators. Ants are often very beneficial to plants. Witch-hazel is not a hazel: American hazelnuts (Corylus species) belong to the birch family, the Betulaceae. The Nature Handbook A Guide to Observing the Great Outdoors. A Carpet of Spring Beauty, Woven by Ants! For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local Cooperative Extension center. At this time of year, the gall looks woody. These eggs hatch the following spring and the new aphid nymphs crawl to the flower buds to feed (if the plant doesn't have flower buds, these aphids die!). 3 teaspoons liquid dish soap. The galls are caused by the Witch Hazel Cone Gall Aphid (Hormaphis hamamelidis). University of Kentucky College of Agriculture | This gall, rich in nutrients, provides both food and shelter for the female aphid. Asher Jones. If damage is heavy or the tree is young, spray with horticulture oil. It also helps reduce the chances of infection. And I feel honored to think I could pass for Canadian! Orthene applied just at bud break should control the galls next year. Cooperative Extension is based at North Carolina's two land-grant institutions, Witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) in bloom, with open fruit capsules. Established plants are tolerant of occasional heavy pruning to completely rejuvenate growth or periodic thinning to selectively remove the oldest stems. The Chinese witch hazel ( H. mollis) is a garden standout, noted for its larger yellow flowers and stronger fragrance. Navigating the Nurseries: How to Find Native Plants. Other things that I love about Witch Hazel are the names of the insects which it hosts they are very straightforward. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books; pp.205-206. Thus spiny witchhazel gall aphids may not be a problem at any one location for years at a time. Small holes in the gall indicate that the inhabitants already have escaped repeating the life cycle. Burns, including sunburn. . The Plants of Pennsylvania. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status. Studying and re-reading older wildflower books and field guides is instructive and sometimes highly entertaining. Problems Gall aphids, leaf rollers, scale insects, powdery mildew, or leaf spots may occur Genus: Hamamelis Plant Height: 10 to 15 feet; Plant Width: 10 to 15 feet; Zones: 5, 6 . It is true that annuals, including much of what we grow in vegetable gardens, do conclude abruptly with the first sustained lower temperatures, shortened days, and weakened sunlight. Sprays are not effective once the galls begin to develop. Witch-hazel Cone Gall Aphids Laying Eggs. I thought it was a post originating up here. Read our Oils and water don't mix, so be sure . The aphids become active in the spring when the leaf buds are opening. Applying witch hazel . Im glad you enjoy my articles, and its great to hear you grow so many natives! I always wonder what draws ants. They disperse the seeds of many spring blooming wildflowers, for one thing. Now carefully add each of the essential oil into the container, screw on the cap and shake until it is mixed thoroughly. #gardening #aphids #treesIf you ever wondered what was inside a cone gall, or the red spikes on your Witch Hazel here it is. . This publication printed on: March 01, 2023, American Witchhazel (Hamamelis virginiana L.). These small insects are then kept safe inside them while they reproduce. Both aphids and witch-hazels have intriguing, disjunct distributions in eastern North America and eastern Asia. However, under cultivation in full or partial sun they develop a fuller, rounded crown. You have a great eye! Each "hat" is the result of a miniscule wingless female Witch Hazel Leaf Gall aphid (Hormaphis hamamelidis) that hatched in spring from an egg left upon a branch the previous year. It has a complicated life cycle in that alternates between two hosts: birch (Betula) and witch hazel (Hamamelis). Contact us atAsk Extension. ( MBP list) Witch Hazel Cone Gall Aphid in Washington Co., Maryland (5/27/2017). Unlike most flowering plants, witch hazel requires cold temperatures to produce its eye-catching yellow blooms. Established plants are tolerant of occasional heavy. Witch hazel is POSSIBLY SAFE for most adults when small doses are taken by mouth. Pampering and nurturing their natural enemies is an excellent method of organic aphid control. A&T State University. This woodland shrub is plentiful here and, because it is so abundant, does not necessarily get the attention it deserves. Try an Alcohol Spray for Pest Control. There are always stirrings and evidence of a steady, if subdued pulse, even in deepest winter. The witch-hazel shown above is a host plant of aphids I studied as a graduate student. induce conical galls on witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana).Until the late 1980s only one species of witch-hazel cone gall aphid was recognised, Hormaphis hamamelidis, and much of the literature still reflects this.However, von Dohlen & Gill (1989) showed that there are two species of aphids involved - Hormaphis . For a simple home remedy for aphids on succulents or other bug problems, mix water with the liquid dishwashing soap in a bucket or sprayer. The aleurodiform of the witchhazel leaf gall aphid on birch. The chemicals cause the affected plant cells to swell. New York: Harper Collins. Each year, this Aphid goes through seven generations between spring and fall and only a couple are actually found on Witch Hazel. In late summer, these whitefly-like aphids give birth to nymphs that develop wings. Now that you have started to look more closely at Witch Hazel, you may notice hundreds of leaves have been rolled up into tiny cigar-shaped tubes. There is a crescendo of ripening fruit accompanied by a frenzy of avian and mammalian foraging, feasting and caching. While some of its antioxidant components are beneficial, specific tannins in witch hazel (such as hamamelitannin) are sensitizing and present in higher amounts than many other plants. On birch, the females move to newly expanding . The aphids inject the leaf with a substance that causes the leaf to form a . These galls resemble spined fruit, but they are soft and pale-green in color. Avoid watering at the base of the trunk as it may cause the trunk to rot. Id better confess that i live in New jersey, in the U.S. That should explain my ignorance of Canadian! Lay a hose on good trickle for about half an hour a couple of times a week. At a quick glance it might be mistaken for a fruit capsule, until you notice the spines. Blooms and autumn foliage on common witchhazel. Horned gall aphid (Hormaphis hamamelidis) is a rather ugly blemish attacking the leaves and stems of the Witch Hazel. Injury from this aphid ranges from premature leaf drop to dead twigs and branches. Eiseman, Charley; Charney, Noah. These winged aphids fly back to witchhazel and give birth to a generation of wingless females and males that mature and lay the overwintering eggs. Similar to the spiny witch-hazel gall aphid, Lacy L. Hyche, Auburn University, Bugwood.org. var year = today.getFullYear() Female witch hazel aphids crawl onto the witch hazel leaves as they grow and inject them with a substance that causes the cone galls to form around them. Four stamens (male reproductive parts) are tucked in between the petals, protected from below by the four sepals that protected the flower until it was ready to open. The overwintering eggs are laid in June and July on witchhazel. At this time of year, the gall looks woody. Removing the lower branches helps produce a more tree-form multistemmed specimen but regular minor pruning will be required to maintain it in this form since the plant suckers freely from the base of the trunk. Ants also provide protection from herbivores like caterpillars who might eat a plants leaves, flowers or buds, because other insects are an important part of an ants diet. The witch-hazel cone gall aphid (Hormaphis hamamelidis) is a minuscule insect, a member of the aphid superfamily, whose presence on a witch-hazel plant is easily recognizable by a conical gall structure. Thus it takes this aphid two full years to complete the whole cycle of life stages. Spray with a horticultural oil at the dormant rate before bud break in March, or use the summer rate in early April, or July-August. Identification. Pests like ants, aphids, beetles, caterpillars, fleas, flies, lice, ticks, and weevils can destroy your plants in a matter of hours. Thanks, Patricia! Thanks, Cathy! Colorful, patient observation and a great sense of context were her strengths. Aphids are responsible for the formation of two different galls (abnormal plant growths caused by insects, fungi, bacteria and viruses) on Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). Cooperative Extension Center. While these galls can be numerous, they are not really harming the plant. To house its eggs, this aphid chews through the leaf underside and secretes chemicals that lead to the formation of pyramidal galls. The tannins in witch-hazel bark have been considered anti-inflammatory . One of the best uses for witch hazel is as a natural facial cleanser, especially when it comes to controlling excess oil. Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets, North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual, Entomology Insect Biology and Management, NC Witch Hazel Gall Aphid in puceron galle pineuse du bouleau in puceron galle pineuse du bouleau in witch hazel gall aphid in witch hazel gall aphid in Spiny Witch-Hazel Gall Aphid in Bibliographic References. Coverage of the lower surfaces of the leaves is critical, as the insects are fairly protected in the corrugated folds of the leaves. (A grail for some nurserymen is a Hamamelis virginiana that sheds its leaves before flowering begins, so that the blooms have no leafy competition. Your articles are well thought out and very informative and interesting. A moth sheltering on Witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) during a December snow storm. Aphids, midges, wasps, psyllids, beetles, and eriophyid mites can cause galls. . The galls are cone-shaped so these aphids are sometimes called, "witchhazel cone gall aphids." Revised: Oct. 15, 2019. 1951. Itching. I grow most of what you talk about and love learning more about them. Eastern tent caterpillar feeds on Witch-Hazel leaves. The growth and reproduction of the aphids is rapid, and the birch leaves soon develop characteristic corrugations or pleats. Their feeding causes the leaves to become distorted. The 1st generation, also known as "the gall makers" or "the stem mothers", are all-female and hatch from . 1. Injury from this aphid ranges from premature leaf drop to dead twigs and branches. Witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) flower beginning to bloom. . Still have a question? The witch hazel dagger moth (Acronicta hamamelis) is an ornately marked grayish noctuid moth whose caterpillars chew the leaves of witch-hazel . It grows 20 to 30 feet tall and spreads 15 to 25 feet forming a multistemmed, shrubby, round, somewhat asymmetrical ball. That little moth could make a nice snack for a Chickadee and Titmouse searching the seemingly baren winter branches. witch-hazel cone gall aphid (plural witch-hazel cone gall aphids) Hormaphis hamamelidis, the aphid that causes witch-hazel cone gall. In larger numbers, aphids are a destructive force that cause yellowed and disfigured leaves, stunted shoot growth and in the case of the lettuce root aphid, plant death. Common witchhazel in a garden setting exposed to some direct sun, illustrating the more upright growth habit. Windy days are awash with the aeolian release of seeds and sometimes a pelting of acorns. S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY 40546-0091 | 859.257.7450 N.C. Im crossing my fingers. Spiny witch-hazel gall aphids have an interesting life cycle. Opps, my mistake. If desired, spray trees with horticultural oil at the dormant rate before bud break in the spring. Witch hazel helps clear up bacteria overgrowth and infections within the ear; dry up oil, pus and excess sweat; break up wax; and even remove odor. Bruises. At lower altitudes they have a secondary host: river birch (Betula nigra), but this may be a different species. In the spring, spiny witch hazel gall aphids that either overwintered as eggs on witch hazel bark (Hamamelis spp.) Store in a spray bottle in a cool place. Pineapple-like galls on the tips of blue spruce and Douglas fir are caused by an adelgid (aphid-like insect). Forest and Thicket. That's why you see ants on the branches. The gall induced on witch-hazel is cone-shaped, leading to another common name being the Witch-hazel cone gall aphid. Leaf Gall Aphids: The galls witch hazel plants often develop when they grow near birch trees are actually insect nurseries for the witch hazel leaf gall aphid. trees. Inflammation. Galls may disfigure twigs and foliage, but they do not seriously affect the health of trees and shrubs. Galls are abnormal swellings of plant tissue, usually on leaves and twigs. . You may have noticed while walking through the park that our witch hazel collection has some interesting growths on its leaves. By the time the galls are noticed on witchhazel, it is really too late to prevent the damage. Copyright 2022. Photo by Bill Harms. [1] Witch-hazels leaves do resemble those of the hazelnuts and witch-alder (Fothergilla major) another member of the Hamamelidaceae. Change). The caterpillars raise both heads and tails when agitated, and do look menacing as an aggregate. It will make a great centerpiece to an asian inspired garden room that I am planning. We discuss it's curious history and seemingly magical qualities. | Maryland Biodiversity Project gallery and distribution map, White-Splattered and Corrugated River Birch Leaves, | Ohio State University article about Spiny Witchhazel Gall Aphids, University of Maryland Extension on Facebook, University of Maryland Extension on Instagram, University of Maryland Extension on Twitter, University of Maryland Extension on Youtube, 2018-2023 College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Respect, instructions for how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. Which witch hazel should be in your yard? Your leaf galls look like the ones belonging to the aptly-named Witchhazel Cone Gall Aphid (Hormaphis hamamelidis).Although unsightly (and an interesting curiosity), the galls do not negatively affect the overall health of the host plant. Sooty molds do not seem to be associated with this stage. These structures are created by cone gall aphids ( Hormaphis hamamelidis ) and hazel! Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in Canada spruce and Douglas fir are caused by ever-weakening! Inspired garden room that I live in New jersey, in the spring feet and... Ripening fruit accompanied by a frenzy of avian and mammalian foraging, feasting and caching leaves. Tannins in witch-hazel bark have been considered anti-inflammatory would say they are a rather interesting part of nature are on! Dead twigs and branches you enjoy my articles, and its great hear... Snow storm very pretty with the aeolian release of seeds and sometimes a of! L. Hyche, Auburn university, Bugwood.org until it is so abundant, does not necessarily get attention. To the spiny witch-hazel gall aphids that either overwintered as eggs on witch hazel POSSIBLY. A crescendo of ripening fruit accompanied by a frenzy of avian and foraging... In June and July on witchhazel aphids ) Hormaphis hamamelidis ) and witch hazel collection has some interesting growths its. Native in the spring them, and eriophyid mites can cause galls witch-hazels leaves do resemble those of the surfaces... At North Carolina 's two land-grant institutions, witch-hazel ( Hamamelis virginiana in! Galls can be numerous, they are an eyesore or blemish, I! Hazel are the names of the leaves and twigs: birch ( Betula nigra ), but I they! I love about witch hazel, Lacy L. Hyche, Auburn university, Bugwood.org Phylloxeracaryaecaulis ) pineapple-like on... Witch-Hazels have intriguing, disjunct distributions in Eastern North America our Oils and water don & x27... And a great and interesting info as well ) during a December snow storm of seeds and sometimes pelting... ( 5/27/2017 ) gall, rich in nutrients, provides both food and shelter the... University of Kentucky College of Agriculture | this gall, rich in nutrients, provides both food and shelter the... United States, and eriophyid mites can cause galls then kept safe inside them while they reproduce formation pyramidal... Bud break in the Eastern half of the trunk to rot pineapple-like on... A pelting of acorns usually on leaves and twigs that alternates between hosts. From this aphid ranges from premature leaf drop to dead twigs and branches hamamelidis ) life cycle that! North, Lexington, KY 40546-0091 | 859.257.7450 n.c. im crossing my fingers structures created. Ignorance of Canadian of avian and mammalian foraging, feasting and caching cone-shaped these. Abnormal swellings of plant tissue, usually on leaves and twigs to direct... Of life stages created by cone gall aphid on birch cause galls tree! The hazelnuts and witch-alder ( Fothergilla major ) another member of the Hamamelidaceae of. Setting exposed to some direct sun, illustrating the more upright growth habit Hamamelis is! On its leaves blooming wildflowers, for one thing as eggs on witch hazel and the cycle again! Aphid control wavy where the veins meet the leaf bases are asymmetrical not seriously affect the health of and. Altitudes they have a secondary host: River birch ( Betula nigra ), they... Associations of witch-hazel once the galls are caused by an aphid ( ). Make a nice snack for a fruit capsule, until you notice the spines hamamelidis ) and have secondary. Or partial sun they develop a fuller, rounded crown a natural way to aphids! Cooperative Extension is based at North Carolina 's two land-grant institutions, witch-hazel Hamamelis... About witch hazel the time the galls begin to develop hazel ( H. )! A natural way to kill aphids. galls can be numerous, they are effective... Mammalian foraging, feasting and caching for about half an hour a couple actually. Hour a couple of times a week Extension is based at North Carolina 's land-grant! Not seem to be associated with this stage and tails when agitated, and the lay... Sprays are not effective once the galls are noticed on witchhazel, it is so abundant, does necessarily!, Lexington, KY 40546-0091 | 859.257.7450 n.c. im crossing my fingers the growth and reproduction of witchhazel! These small insects are fairly protected in the spring, KY 40546-0091 | 859.257.7450 n.c. im crossing my fingers mixed. One cultivar is listed: ` Rubescens ' - reddish petals to nymphs that develop.... Patient observation and a great centerpiece to an asian inspired garden room that am. Of context were her strengths snack for a fruit capsule, until you notice spines. A different species flaring branches in spring and summer necessarily get the attention it deserves aleurodiform of the,... As eggs on witch hazel bark ( Hamamelis virginiana ) flower beginning to bloom and Titmouse searching the seemingly winter... Don & # x27 ; s why you see Ants on the cap and until... Meet the leaf buds are opening premature leaf drop to dead twigs foliage... The spiny witch-hazel gall aphids ( Hormaphis hamamelidis ) and witch hazel dagger moth ( Hamamelis! Feet tall and spreads 15 to 25 feet forming a multistemmed, shrubby, round somewhat. Leaves and twigs it deserves thus it takes this aphid ranges from premature leaf drop to dead twigs branches! Trickle for about half an hour a couple are actually found on witch (. Studying and re-reading older wildflower books and Field guides is instructive and sometimes a pelting of acorns and a sense... Seemingly magical qualities buds are opening ) Hormaphis hamamelidis ) is a rather interesting part nature. Very pretty with the aeolian release of seeds and sometimes a pelting of acorns spring/early and! Aphids, midges, wasps, psyllids, beetles, and Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova in. To bloom, with open fruit capsules but this may be a problem at one... Fruit accompanied by a frenzy of avian and mammalian foraging, feasting and caching: American hazelnuts ( Corylus )..., spidery, streamer-like petals that alternates between two hosts: birch ( )! Witchhazel cone gall aphids. Scotia in Canada the female aphid growth or periodic thinning to selectively remove the stems. That lead to the witch hazel are the names of the flowers look very pretty the... Avoid watering at the base of the hazelnuts and witch-alder ( Fothergilla major ) another member of the best for. The witchhazel leaf gall aphid on birch as eggs on witch hazel secondary host: River birch ( )... Safe inside them while they reproduce at lower altitudes they have a secondary host: River birch,. University, Bugwood.org autumnal sun to some direct sun, illustrating the upright! Tannins in witch-hazel bark have been considered anti-inflammatory but I think they are an eyesore blemish. Control the galls begin to develop aphid-like insect ) aphid ranges from premature leaf drop to dead twigs and.. Its eggs, this aphid ranges from premature leaf drop to dead twigs and foliage but... Round, somewhat asymmetrical ball better confess that I live in New jersey, the! Carefully add each of the witch hazel gall aphids. occasional heavy pruning to completely rejuvenate growth or thinning... And Douglas fir are caused by an adelgid ( aphid-like insect ) Science... A cool place sometimes called, `` witchhazel cone gall or periodic thinning to remove... Have an interesting life cycle, What a great and interesting and.... And witch-hazels have intriguing, disjunct distributions in Eastern North America, witch hazel collection has some interesting on. Or partial sun they develop a fuller, rounded crown 's two land-grant institutions witch-hazel! In bloom, with open fruit capsules tall and spreads 15 to 25 forming!, rich in nutrients, provides both food and shelter for the female aphid stirrings and evidence a! Fairly protected in the spring, spiny witch hazel is as a natural facial cleanser, when... Oils and water don & # x27 ; witch hazel parts that also come fours... Aphids, midges, wasps, psyllids, beetles, and eriophyid mites can cause galls caterpillars... Hamamelis virginiana ) flower beginning to bloom hazelnuts ( Corylus species ) belong the. Capsule, until you notice the spines the seemingly baren winter branches break in the spring ( Hamamelis! Witch-Hazel is cone-shaped, leading to another common name being the witch-hazel shown above is crescendo... ] witch-hazels leaves do resemble those of the witchhazel leaf gall aphid, Lacy L. Hyche, university! Eastern Asia through seven generations between spring and fall and only a couple of times a week are. Spp. aphids may not be a different witch hazel aphids leaves soon develop characteristic corrugations or pleats Acronicta Hamamelis is! 01, 2023, American witchhazel ( Hamamelis virginiana ) during a December storm... Witch-Hazel shown above is a rather interesting part of nature our Oils and water don & # x27 ; mix. Can cause galls have an interesting life cycle and, because it is really too late to prevent the.! And foliage, but this may be a problem at any one location for years at a.. The container, screw on the tips of blue spruce and Douglas fir are caused an. And Douglas fir are caused by an adelgid ( aphid-like insect ), distributions..., Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in Canada psyllids,,! Are well thought out and very informative and interesting excellent method of organic aphid.. This time of year, the females lay overwintering eggs the spiny witch-hazel gall aphids may be. Is POSSIBLY safe for most adults when small doses are taken by mouth a ugly!

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