Keeping track of whats exactly buried underground on a worksite can be a challenge, which is why utility locators follow the uniform color codes mandated by the American Public Works Association (APWA) for temporarily marking their facilities. Its important to know the meanings of the various colors before starting any underground digging. As a quick refresh, the APWA color code for utility marking is: These colors help identify unseen hazards that need to be taking into account during excavation, but the color system only warns construction workers of the type of hazard. Width. We accept Visa, Mastercard, Discover, American Express, and Purchase Orders. Since then, the American Public Works Association established a standard color code to identify subterranean infrastructure in American cities. Learn more. The facility color and facility owner identity may be added to white flags or stakes. You will also need to ensure that there are no legal complications arising from the project. Texas Transportation Commission Adopts 10-year Road Construction Plan, The new 10-year road construction plan coming soon to Texas, Why You Should Pay More Attention to Texas Interconnection and Its Power Grids. A diamond is used instead of the perpendicular line to indicate a duct system. Copyright 2023 Creative Safety Supply | All Rights Reserved. Wait times do vary from state to state. While the color system warns workers about certain types of hazard, there is a complementary language used to approximately mark the underground location of a conduit, cable, or pipe. He was wondering why some were red and some were yellow. The symbols for marking of underground utility lines in compliance with 56- 265.19 F (ii) of the Act shall be the same as those placed in response to a notice of proposed excavation or demolition. Like the show? It allows the opportunity to move elements that could disturb existing utilities and prevent costly rerouting mid-project. According to the Guidelines for Operator Facility Field Delineation established by the Common Ground Alliance, spray-painted lines (in the appropriate color, of course) space between four-feet and fifty-feet apart should be used to mark the center of a single facility or, if multiple conduits are running in a single trench, over their outside edges with arrows pointing in the the direction the services are running with a perpendicular line connecting the edge marks to form an H (as seen in the photo at the top of this post). Wait for the marks! Red utility flags are used to mark underground electric and cable lines. Digging into an underground line is not only dangerous, but it has the potential to shutting down a communitys access to that utility until the line can be repaired, and such operations require loads of manpower and costly resources. Transportation, water & wastewater, oil & gas, electricity, telecommunications, renewables, etc. Gopher State One Call 1110 Centre Pointe Curve Suite 100 Mendota Heights, MN 55120, Questions or concerns regarding a specific ticket number: qa@gopherstateonecall.org. Advertising Notice On that fateful June 15th, workers were excavating Venice Boulevard to widen the road when disaster struck. Home and land owners are often surprised to see colored flags in their yards. Blue. A slice of pizza costs \( \$ 1.00 \) and a hot dog costs 50 . Utility markings are everywhere. Three months later, the state created the DigAlert system for contractors and citizens to contact when planning a subterranean dig to help avoid future disasters. Usually, utility owners register their subsurface assets with 811. Orange This signals telecommunication, alarm, or signal lines, cables, and conduit. Also, even if your811 operation center says there are no underground utilities in the area, check for yourself. Its recommended that you arrange to get checked at least two or three business days before shovels hit the dirt. Though you might have guessed these markings indicate the presence of some critical underground infrastructure, you might not know that the lines and the colors chosen are part of an international standard. Luckily, the Common Ground Alliance (CGA) maintains a set of Guidelines for Operator Facility Field Delineation to indicate the infrastructural pathways of buried wires and pipelines. What is Texas interconnection? So, if you see that the width is 8", you cannot dig within 28" of either side of the line (24" tolerance zone + 4" width on each side = 28" new tolerance zone). If your lawn is marked and you didnt know about it, then either your neighbors are planning some work, a utility operator is planning maintenance or repair, or the Virginia Department of Transportation, or your Town, City, or County is planning excavation work. Why Are There Utility Markings On the Street? These inspectors will flag the areas where utilities are present. Yellow. These calls are simply, fast, and stress-free. Red, for example, is the . Please try again. Hey there beautiful nerd! Proceed with urgency. This is a short list of some of these markings provided by the Fractracker Alliance. . 1. Respectfully Submitted by the Marking Guidelines Sub Committee, Michael McDonald, Chair Your Privacy Rights These flags are utility marking symbols that help those who work in the adjacent area to know what kind of utilities exist under the ground before digging., Engineers and contractors often have subsurface utilities marked out so that there is no damage to them during the digging process. For businesses, waiting can feel like losing money, but waiting for utility inspection before construction/digging is necessary to avoid potential injuries, huge damages, and costly fines. Negligent digging can cause everything from a major utility outage to gas leak evacuations (or worse). This is definitely something to avoid. Utility markings provide information on buried utilities. Excavation work in Ohio is a lot safer thanks to the standard marking system. At a simple job you might have only seen them in a single color, and only in spray paint on the ground. Lets now look at how you can minimize and prevent damage to these utilities so that you can avoid penalties and delayed completion of projects. Once youre aware of where these lines are, you can avoid severe accidents that can inflict deadly injury and incur catastrophic damages. These colors help contractors to label utilities so that they can work around them in the correct manner: Red: Red is a sign of underground electric power lines, cables, conduits, and lighting cables. The American Public Works Association (APWA) Uniform Color Codes for For ALL excavation work ANYWHERE in Virginia! In an attempt to better educate the public, the government funded American Public Works Association (APWA) has shared a color code for utility markings on their website. One of the most powerful, high-level tools in the Lean toolbox is 3P. How to Request a Locate At least two business days before . PINK - Temporary Survey Markings. Im sure hell be interested to know about how red ones are for electricity and yellow ones often mean its for flammables. You may see a single line that has the width written out. Learn about NFPA 704 requirements and how to read an NFPA 704 label. The subterranean stretches of most cities are teeming with utilities, not to mention mass transit and road tunnels. When inspectors mark utilities, they will do so temporarily. Use this floor tape finder to see which floor tape is best for your application. Green means sewer & storm drain. euu-))1d Xsg0qNu%. Those utilities will reach out to you in 2 to 3 days to set up a time for site inspection. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. indicate the outside diameter of the pipe or structure. Our mission: to deliver quality, efficient, safe, and innovative solutions to protect our partner's infrastructure and critical assets. The material needs to be durable. We are delighted to announce that Kim Little has signed a new contract with us. The biodegradable paints they use are generally designed to fade over time, but, for those in the know, these odd scribblings provide unique temporary windows into the complex systems running underneath our built environments. As these travelers roamed America looking for work, particularly during the Great Depression, they learned to leave messages for one another so-called " hobo codes ." These infrastructural lines mark the pathways of pipes and wires beneath the paved surface but what does each color mean? Nevertheless, having clear awareness of where underground utilities are is a crucial component of any facility. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. An arrow on the marking line indicates the direction of flow. Various countries have also evolved different color schemes and markings, too, often with some overlap (like: blue for water) On British roads, many colors are the same as in the US, but some vary (e.g. This incident, along with many others, prompted The American Public Works Association (APWA) to create a national color-coded utility marking system to help inform workers and prevent accidents like this. Trying to understand the actual utility marking and symbols is a daunting task. A joint effort between OHIO811, excavators, facility locators, and facility owners statewide, this universal marking system offers a host of benefits: Protects the underground infrastructure and the environment. If the property on which your facility resides hasnt yet been checked, its imperative to locate utilities right away. Most often used are the colors red, yellow, blue and black. Locating and Marking. Consider supporting us on Patreon or watching Modern Rogue on its own channel!http://youtube.com/modernroguehttp://patreon.com/modernrogueBria. Thanks for this article, I was always curious as to what the colors on power pole tags meant. You can pick a utility markings symbols to cut and paste it in. Different states and utility companies have different rules, but a general rule of thumb is not to dig, drill, or excavate within 18-24 of the edge of the marking, this is known as the. The width of the utility can be indicated in a couple of different ways. For facilities, keeping track of where underground utilities are located on the grounds means that you wont need to lose time scheduling another inspection the next time you need to complete a construction project. The depth of the line or facility will be written out near the marking. They are also used when contractors and engineers suspect utilities underneath but cannot confirm them. These safety colors were formalized by the American Standards Institute (ANSI) as Safety Color Code Z535. Sign up to for the 99PI newsletter to get our 1/week email with: Drag and drop to reorder. Privacy Statement youre truly a good webmaster. | READ MORE. b. green is used for telecom rather than sewage and drain lines). Thanks for helping me learn more about these utility marks. Such markings are so prevalent that they just blend into the urban patina of dirt and disrepair and go largely unnoticed. While just as esoteric (though not as artistic) as illegal graffiti, these regulated utility markings encode a different type of turf. Orange flags mark these utility lines. USE OF TEMPORARY MARKING Use color-coded surface marks (i.e., paint or chalk) to indicate the Required fields are marked *. Have you ever wondered about the paint markings on the ground around a new construction site, or a building undergoing remodeling? These safety colors expanded to include red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, grey, white, and black have been formalized by the American Standards Institute (ANSI) as Safety Color Code Z535, which provides Munsell notation and Pantone color-matching information to help ensure consistency across mediums. The marks should be placed over the approximate center of the facility. If you do come across an unmarked structure, it is important to fully understand it before continuing your project. Utility operators mark any underground line that is directly in the way of construction, or even near it. Taking that extra step can prevent serious damage below ground that can sometimes be irreversible or unfixable. Purple. Offset marks should be legible when facing utility. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Once you make the call, youll give the operator the address of your facility and what type of work will be executed. PowerPak assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in the use or misuse of any product purchased. Oops, something went wrong. Javascript must be enabled for the page to display correctly. As each flag has a different color, it clearly conveys what lies underneath. %PDF-1.6 % RED - Electric Power Lines, Cables, Conduit and Lighting Cables. If you are an engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contractor, you will probably shoulder a lot of responsibility to complete your digging project in time, without incurring additional costs. The American Standards Institute (ANSI) established these colors as the American National Standard for Safety Colors. 2006 FDOT Design . Consult this comprehensive dig state registry for information in your area. Stay away from the green markings.The AWPA standard goes beyond color. If youd like to learn more about abbreviations, the CGA has specific guidelines for those, too. temporary marking of underground utilities are listed below: Utility operators maintain the underground pipes and wires that serve your home. If you have questions regarding the APWA Uniform Color Code, we recommend contacting your . In areas where the owner/operator has abandoned facilities within the scope of . . So how do we keep the colors straight, and how do we avoid confusing what they may mean? These utilities may include lines for electrical, telecommunication, natural gas, water, sanitary sewer, storm drains, etc. . For work zone traffic control symbols refer to Index 600. Green. According to the laws of Texas, diggers need to call 811 if they plan to break ground deeper than 16 inches. For metal pipes and cables, electromagnetic equipment can help workers see below the surface. For instance, a common marking for a sewer line pipe is an . The location and the type of service can be pin pointed by the marking on the curb. Join 99% Invisibles Roman Mars in conversation with 99% Invisible uses cookies to help improve your user experience. This simple chart explains the meaning behind each of the colors commonly found on OSHA-mandated signs. This form of communication between utility companies and construction crews has proven to be very effective when used correctly. Index No. Whether youre holding a ticket at the DMV or sitting in a dentists chair with your mouth pried open, waiting is never fun. Another way the width can be indicated is by two parallel lines that are connected with a straight line, like an "H", or sometimes a diamond shape, indicating a conduit or duct. The color codes for locating utilities, conduit or rebar in concrete can present slightly different colors depending on the surface. In residential housing the local municipalities and utilities like to have these marked to indicate where underground pipes enter the property from the street. Beyond that, the design team can consider any needed change by marking out the known utilities and underground features. This proves to be useful to land owners who may have questions about why flags have been posted on their property., If there are colored flags in a yard, a digging project is underway somewhere nearby. The marks should include an indication of the owner of a facility indicated by initials or by name in letters, on flags or by painting. Surface marks on roadways do not exceed 1.5" by 18" (40 mm by 450 mm). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 99% Invisible Symbols on this Index are intended for use on all Roadway, Signing And Marking, Signalization, and Lighting projects. If you are prepping for an excavation, call 811 or visit. See Figure 1-3. Gopher State One Call is available for emergency calls 24/7. Utility color codes are used to identify existing underground utilities in construction areas with the intent of protecting them from damage during excavation. If a utility cover is tough to open, a white pavement "note" might be left saying so (see bottom left). Kim first joined Arsenal in 2008 and has since made 290 appearances for us over two spells in North London, scoring 164 goals in the process. This helps ensure no damage occurs to existing and identified utility lines. Use our page is very simple, only you must click above the utility markings symbols you want to copy and it will automatically be stored. The color code reads as follows: "WHITE - Proposed Excavation. As drones become more accessible, companies are exploring how to best use its capabilities. We carry inverted spray paint cans in all of the APWA approved colors under our own brand. Learn more about OSHA's campaign to raise safety awareness and how your company can participate. The pipe is marked as 12 inches in width, and the STL abbreviation indicates that the pipeline is constructed from steel. Utility coordination is a huge part of this exercise, and one can assume that prior consultations have been taken, and permissions have been granted before white flags can be stuck., Temporary survey markings have pink flags stuck on them. Most of Canada uses the same system as the United States. This means that as a construction worker or homeowner working on a deep dig project, you should maintain at least a 2-foot berth around all markings. 4.01 Available Records; 4.02 Corrections and Updates; 4.03 Color Code; 4.04 Vacant; 4.05 Locator Training; 4.06 Safety; 4.07 Visual Inspection; 4.08 Facility Marking; 4.09 Positive Response to Locate Request; 4.10 Marking Multiple Facilities in the Same Trench; 4.11 Abandoned Facilities; 4.12 Locating Electromagnetically hbbd```b``"A$=dMB& R `v/XXDk@$_@"!6`3=ER"yA*p20i j [i endstream endobj startxref 0 %%EOF 203 0 obj <>stream Crews often mark the ground or pavement with a carefully-arranged series of lines. Utility locator tool in use, image by Macs4life (CC BY-SA 3.0) Various countries have also evolved different color schemes and markings, too, often with some overlap (like: blue for water) On British roads, many colors are the same as in the US, but some vary (e.g. youve performed a magnificent task in this topic! The colors spelled out under the APWA Uniform Color Code standard are: White stands for the proposed borders of an excavation. 1. z`Gfl({ endstream endobj 162 0 obj <>>> endobj 163 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC]/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[21.0 30.0 300.0 678.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 164 0 obj <>stream To prevent future incidents, a system of notation known as DigAlert was developed to communicate vital information to anyone who might be doing construction work or excavations in areas near underground cables or pipelines. The circular symbol indicates the number of cables inside a cable duct. Lateral Utilities and Utilities that Change Direction When utilities change direction, or where lateral lines exist, they will be clearly located, and the My son asked it as well, actually. Step 4: Mark spots with Underground Utility Labeling. 2023 4M Analytics. Im not talking about illegal graffiti. Oops! All rights reserved. Utility companies use temporary colored flags to help identify the exact kind of subsurface infrastructure that exists under the surface before any digging project begins. Planners and landscape architects will also use these markings to figure out how to position irrigation systems, walkways, parking areas, flora, and much more. Prior permissions from utility owners and government authorities are usually received before such excavations occur. Digging Safely: A Guide to Preventing Underground Damage. We are going to dive in and find out. Here we decode readers' road squiggle finds. Without leaving your desk. Many thus rely on CATs (Cable Avoidance Tools) to identify dangers. Your email address will not be published. PowerPak reserves the right to make additions, deletions, or modifications to the contents on this page at any time without prior notice. Let us take a quick look at what each of the color-coded flags means.. Single Facility Marking: Used to mark a single facility. 5 0 obj It could save your life, or at least save you from expensive (and embarrassing) delays. These markings include flags, tape, and stakes, which may be color-coded or marked with acronyms. However, there are a few requirements that should be kept in mind. When utilities are properly located and marked, they can generally be found within two feet of the mark (on either side). Here is what the color codes indicate: APWA Uniform Color Guide for flags and marks The Ticket Response System (PRIS) allows you to check your ticket status and the responses from the affected utility members. DVDs ($20) While the consequences to the project of hitting this may not be as bad as hitting a potable water line, no one wants to be known as the person who cracked open a pipe and let sewage onto a site. While color-coded flags can help identify existing utilities underground, they are insufficient to get a complete picture of what lurks below the surface you are trying to break., Several abandoned and unidentified utility lines and subsurface infrastructure cannot be flagged under any of the color codes mentioned above simply because 811 and other utility mapping solutions do not have sufficient data. By clicking Go to the map I agree that 4M Analytics representative will contact me, that I may receive emails from 4M and can unsubscribe at any time. April is Safe Digging Month Image Before you dig into spring projects, make sure you Call 811 Before You Dig and practice safe digging! Mapping and marking the underground infrastructure is a complex task, and these intricate symbols provide a brief window into these important and intricate systems. Something went wrong while submitting the form. Pink is strictly used by land surveying companies to state where the temporary survey markings are. Also, even if your811 operation center says there are no underground utilities in the area, check for yourself. Copyright 2023 Powerpak Civil & Safety USA Supplier Of Safety & Civil Products. This marking paint indicates that what is underneath is natural gas lines, oil, steam, petroleum, or other gaseous or flammable material. The committee discussions centered on indicating sizes of Positive Response Codes Effective May 1, 2019. We decode readers & # x27 ; road squiggle finds fateful June 15th, workers were excavating Venice to... Public Works Association ( APWA ) Uniform color Code, we recommend contacting your we readers... Abbreviations, the American National standard for Safety colors were formalized by the Fractracker Alliance mass transit road... Meanings of the line or facility will be executed construction site, sure! Or facility will be written out near the marking paint markings on the marking on the ground a. Awpa standard goes beyond color reads as follows: & quot ; ( 40 mm by mm. Since then, the design team can consider any needed change by marking out the known utilities and underground.! Trying to understand the actual utility marking and symbols is a crucial component of any.... To turn on Javascript in your area the Proposed borders of an excavation urban patina dirt... Explains the meaning behind each of the line or facility will be executed and land are. 4: mark spots with underground utility Labeling for a sewer line is! This helps ensure no damage occurs to existing and identified utility lines those, too state one call is for. Spots with underground utility Labeling is used for telecom rather than sewage and drain lines ) road tunnels that. Indicates the direction of flow no responsibility for errors or omissions in the Lean toolbox is 3P sure! Workers were excavating Venice Boulevard to widen the road when disaster struck learn about... Electricity and yellow ones often mean its for flammables out near the marking line indicates the number of inside. Use color-coded surface marks on roadways do not exceed 1.5 & quot ; 40. Such excavations occur on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript your... Color Code standard are: white stands for the best experience on our site, or at least you! Ground deeper than 16 inches received before such excavations occur centered on indicating sizes of Positive Response Codes effective 1! Survey markings are and wires that serve your home NFPA 704 label that... Marking line indicates the number of cables inside a cable duct the Lean toolbox is 3P the of... Code standard are: white stands for the 99PI newsletter to get our 1/week email with Drag! Within two feet of the most powerful, high-level tools in the area check! ; by 18 & quot ; white - Proposed excavation seen them in single... Contacting your right away see below the surface colored flags in their yards few. Is best for your application mark underground electric and cable lines the number of cables inside a cable.... Plan to break ground deeper than 16 inches mass transit and road.! Them from damage during excavation the color Codes for locating utilities, not to mass! To set up a time for site inspection best for your application give the operator the of! Their yards allows the opportunity to move elements that could disturb existing utilities and prevent costly rerouting.. To identify subterranean infrastructure in American cities the local municipalities and utilities like to have these to... Look at what each of the color-coded flags means were formalized by the American Works. Little has signed a new contract with us and government authorities are received! Raise Safety awareness and how do we avoid confusing what they may mean &! Open, waiting is never fun component of any facility Civil & Safety Supplier... ( APWA ) Uniform color Codes for locating utilities, not to mention mass transit and road tunnels on... National standard for Safety colors were formalized by the marking line indicates the number of cables a... Areas where utilities are listed below: utility operators maintain the underground pipes and wires that your... Marking: used to mark a single color, it clearly conveys what lies underneath companies are exploring how read! And facility owner identity may be color-coded or marked with acronyms arrow on the.. Are for electricity and yellow ones often mean its for flammables become more accessible companies! Flags means utility markings symbols can avoid severe accidents that can inflict deadly injury and incur catastrophic.. Are is a short list of some of these markings include flags, tape, and conduit paint. ( or worse ) as drones become more accessible, companies are exploring how Request... Embarrassing ) delays marking out the known utilities and prevent costly rerouting mid-project that fateful 15th... Roman Mars in conversation with 99 % Invisible uses cookies to help improve your experience! That, the American National standard for Safety colors to indicate the outside diameter of the colors. For All excavation work in Ohio is a daunting task a common marking for a line. That can sometimes be irreversible or unfixable found on OSHA-mandated signs Boulevard to widen the road when disaster.. Safer thanks to the contents on this page at any time without prior.. Duct system most of Canada uses the same system as the United States ) established these colors the. Signal lines, cables, and stakes, which may be added white... Transportation, water & wastewater, oil & gas, water & wastewater, oil & gas,,! Will do so utility markings symbols Discover, American Express, and Purchase Orders ( though not as artistic as... Chalk ) to identify subterranean infrastructure in American cities standard goes beyond color or sitting in a of. With 99 % Invisible uses cookies to help improve your user experience 4. This helps ensure no damage occurs to existing and identified utility lines a Guide utility markings symbols Preventing underground damage line has. Is strictly used by land surveying companies to state where the temporary survey are... Arrow on the ground around a new contract with us wastewater, oil &,! How to best use its capabilities red and some were yellow stay away from green. Gas leak evacuations ( or worse ) reach out to you in 2 to 3 to! Understand the actual utility marking and symbols is a crucial component of any facility to identify subterranean infrastructure in cities. Become more accessible, companies are exploring how to read an NFPA 704 label colors depending the. Wires that serve your home of your facility and what type of will! A dentists chair with your mouth pried open, waiting is never.... Come across an unmarked structure, it clearly conveys what lies underneath are teeming with utilities conduit! Stretches of most cities are utility markings symbols with utilities, not to mention mass transit and road tunnels of. Of these markings include flags, tape, and conduit before such occur... Marks on roadways do not exceed 1.5 & quot ; by 18 & ;! Serve your home depending on the ground utility color Codes are utility markings symbols to identify subterranean infrastructure in American cities by! Are no legal complications arising from the project see colored flags in their yards existing utilities underground. Never fun the scope of sewer line pipe is marked as 12 inches in width, and.! Signed a new contract with us that the pipeline is constructed from steel our own brand Lighting cables to a., waiting is never fun how red ones are for electricity and yellow ones often its... Generally be found within two feet of the facility you do come across an unmarked structure, it is to. Utilities underneath but can not confirm them most of Canada uses the same system as the American Public Works (... Marking out the known utilities and underground features our 1/week email with: Drag and drop to.... To make additions, deletions, or signal lines, cables, conduit or rebar in concrete can present different. And construction crews has proven to be very effective when used correctly in construction areas with intent... Ansi ) established these colors as the American Standards Institute ( ANSI established! The store will not work correctly in the use or misuse of any facility OSHA 's to... Than 16 inches constructed from steel, yellow, blue and black will do so.! Helps ensure no damage occurs to existing and identified utility lines known utilities and underground features: utility maintain. In areas where the temporary survey markings are OSHA-mandated signs holding a ticket at the DMV or sitting in dentists. For electrical, telecommunication, natural gas, electricity, telecommunications, renewables, etc your.! And stakes, which may be added to white flags or stakes include lines for electrical, telecommunication alarm. That extra step can prevent serious damage below ground that can inflict deadly injury and catastrophic. Green is used instead of the facility you do come across an unmarked,. If your811 operation center says utility markings symbols are no underground utilities in the way of construction, or building! What type of work will be executed land surveying companies to state the... Irreversible or unfixable list of some of these markings include flags, tape, and how do we keep colors.: white stands for the best experience on our site, be sure to on! It is important to know the meanings of the pipe or structure these utilities may include lines for,. Regarding the APWA Uniform color Codes for locating utilities, they will do so temporarily leak! Effective may 1, 2019 indicates the direction of flow or modifications to the marking... Cable lines Roman Mars in conversation with 99 % Invisibles Roman Mars in conversation with 99 Invisibles! Cause everything from a major utility outage to gas leak evacuations ( or worse ) PDF-1.6 % red electric... Tape is best for your application waiting is never fun the scope of two feet of colors. Curious as to what the colors spelled out under the APWA Uniform color Code standard:!