[690] He also believed that this proletarian state would need to introduce repressive measures against foreign and domestic "enemies" to ensure the full crushing of the propertied classes,[691] and thus the class war would intensify with the advance of socialism. Lenin's Testament is a document dictated by Vladimir Lenin in late 1922 and early 1923. In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. [713] This concept synthesised Marxist and Leninist ideas with nationalist ideals,[695] and served to discredit Trotskywho promoted the idea of "permanent revolution"by presenting the latter as a defeatist with little faith in Russian workers' abilities to construct socialism. [130] In late 1912, Stalin twice crossed into the Austro-Hungarian Empire to visit Lenin in Cracow,[131] eventually bowing to Lenin's opposition to reunification with the Mensheviks. The pair had a daughter, Yekaterina, in 1950 but the . [592] Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8million by 1953. [482] The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory;[483] soon, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and the Baltic states were under German occupation, and Leningrad was under siege;[484] and Soviet refugees were flooding into Moscow and surrounding cities. [516] By the end of 1943, the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 to 1942. [399] During the later 1930s, Stalin placed "a few limits on the worship of his own greatness". [890] Kotkin observed that Stalin's ability to remain in power relied on him having a majority in the Politburo at all times. [88] At the conference, the RSDLP then led by its Menshevik majority agreed that it would not raise funds using armed robbery. [19] Although he got into many fights,[20] Stalin excelled academically,[21] displaying talent in painting and drama classes,[22] writing his own poetry,[23] and singing as a choirboy. "[921] In a 2017 interview, Putin added that while "we should not forget the horrors of Stalinism", the excessive demonization of "Stalin is a means to attack [the] Soviet Union and Russia". [941] Nonetheless, some churches have kept religious icons showing Stalin since at least 2008.[942]. [630] He was further angered by Israel's growing alliance with the U.S.[631] After Stalin fell out with Israel, he launched an anti-Jewish campaign within the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. "[935][936] In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. [688] He believed that the working classes would prove successful in this struggle and would establish a dictatorship of the proletariat,[689] regarding the Soviet Union as an example of such a state. In short, Stalin's power over appointment is . Advertisement. Despite calls of "some Russians" to "beatify" Stalin, the Russian Orthodox Church has stood its ground in refusing to do so. [194] In November 1917, he signed the Decree on Nationality, according ethnic and national minorities living in Russia the right of secession and self-determination. [764] This gained widespread acceptance outside the Soviet Union during his lifetime but was misleading. Under Stalin, socialism in one country became a central tenet of the party's ideology. [403] Stalin nevertheless recognised the threat posed by fascism and sought to establish better links with the liberal democracies of Western Europe;[404] in May 1935, the Soviets signed a treaty of mutual assistance with France and Czechoslovakia. [273], As General Secretary, Stalin had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff, implanting his loyalists throughout the party and administration. [922] In recent years, the government and general public of Russia has been accused of rehabilitating Stalin. [640] Stalin nevertheless mistrusted his doctors; in January 1952 he had one imprisoned after they suggested that he should retire to improve his health. [337], Officially, the Soviet Union had replaced the "irrationality" and "wastefulness" of a market economy with a planned economy organised along a long-term, precise, and scientific framework; in reality, Soviet economics were based on ad hoc commandments issued from the centre, often to make short-term targets. As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime. [521] There remained mutual suspicions between Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who were together known as the "Big Three". [565] He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through "filtration" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. [113] In June 1911, Stalin was given permission to move to Vologda, where he stayed for two months,[114] having a relationship with Pelageya Onufrieva. 270, Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to fight to the death describing the captured as traitors;[492] among those taken as a prisoner of war by the Germans was Stalin's son Yakov, who died in their custody. [435] These purges replaced most of the party's old guard with younger officials who did not remember a time before Stalin's leadership and who were regarded as more personally loyal to him. He attracted a group of supporters through his classes in socialist theory[46] and co-organised a secret workers' mass meeting for May Day 1900,[47] at which he successfully encouraged many of the men to take strike action. [105] They also kidnapped the children of several wealthy figures to extract ransom money. [580] In the Leningrad Affair, the city's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950. [572] Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. Stalin promoted MarxismLeninism abroad through the Communist International and supported European anti-fascist movements during the 1930s, particularly in the Spanish Civil War. 6 December] 1878 [1] - 5 March 1953) was a revolutionary in the Russian Empire and political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. [108] There he led the imprisoned Bolsheviks, organised discussion groups, and ordered the killing of suspected informants. [519] In 1941, the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday,[520] and in 1942, Time magazine named him "Man of the Year". Unrest soon spread across the Russian Empire in what came to be known as the Revolution of 1905. [717] Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a "national character" but were not a "nation" and were thus unassimilable. And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors? [605] He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. [568] It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. [609] There, he offered advice on their ideas; for instance he cautioned against the Yugoslav idea for a Balkan federation incorporating Bulgaria and Albania. [872] Stalin's necessity for Soviet Union's economic development has been questioned, and it has been argued that Stalin's policies from 1928 onwards may have only been a limiting factor. The ransacking of churches and trials and executions of priests followed, notwithstanding demonstrations against such measures. "[886] McDermott stated that Stalin had "concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands. Oleg Khlevniuk's recent biography suggests that Ordzhonikidze was far from viewing himself as Stalin's creature, and indeed that in 1923 Ordzhonikidze had sided [92] In March 1907 she bore a son, Yakov. [865], The historian Robert Conquest stated that Stalin perhaps "determined the course of the twentieth century" more than any other individual. [201] The treaty gave vast areas of land and resources to the Central Powers and angered many in Russia; the Left Socialist Revolutionaries withdrew from the coalition government over the issue. [221] Although Stalin did not share Lenin's belief that Europe's proletariat were on the verge of revolution, he acknowledged that as long as it stood alone, Soviet Russia remained vulnerable. [147] In March 1914, concerned over a potential escape attempt, the authorities moved Stalin to the hamlet of Kureika on the edge of the Arctic Circle. [929][930] At the same time, there was a growth in pro-Stalinist literature in Russia, much relying upon the misrepresentation or fabrication of source material. [437] Such functionaries often carried out a greater number of arrests and executions than their quotas set by Stalin's central government. [934], Some positive sentiment can also be found elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. [298] Some of those United Opposition members who were repentant were later rehabilitated and returned to government. 6 December]1878[1] 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and political theorist who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. [805] Little of this was fiction,[806] although he could cite passages from Alexander Pushkin, Nikolay Nekrasov, and Walt Whitman by heart. [904] In addition, while archival data shows that 1,053,829 perished in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953,[905] the current historical consensus is that of the 18million people who passed through the Gulag system from 1930 to 1953, between 1.5 and 1.7million died as a result of their incarceration. Joseph Stalin Russia- what were conditions before took power. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. "[846] They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. Stalin was awarded in 1922. [796] He was instead an emotionally intelligent and feeling intellectual. [641] He instructed the arrested doctors to be tortured to ensure confession. ", "Record 70 Percent of Russians Say Stalin Played a Positive Role in Their Country's History", "In Russia, Nostalgia for USSR and Positive Feelings about Stalin", "Giant new Russian cathedral glorifies Putin and Stalin in mosaics", "Perspective Putin's dangerous campaign to rehabilitate Stalin", "Siberian Pensioner Is Grandson of Josef Stalin, DNA Test Reveals", "Stalin's Approval Rating Among Russians Hits Record High Poll", "Positive Views of Stalin among Russian Reach 16-year High, Poll Shows", "Wall of Grief: Putin Opens First Soviet Victims Memorial", "Why So Many Russian like Dictator Stalin", "Why did the USSR help to create Israel, but then became its foe", "Do Stalina pozytyvno stavlyatsya menshe 1/5 ukrayintsiv", " . . ", "A Tale of "Two Totalitarianisms": The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism", "Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 19311933", "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. [707] In the personality cult constructed around him, he was known as the vozhd, an equivalent to the Italian duce and German fhrer. [55] He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. [541] Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. In 1922, Stalin was appointed to another such post, as General Secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee. [694] During the period of his revolutionary activity, Stalin regarded some of Lenin's views and actions as being the self-indulgent activities of a spoiled migr, deeming them counterproductive for those Bolshevik activists based within the Russian Empire itself. [599] Within Western countries, Stalin was increasingly portrayed as the "most evil dictator alive" and compared to Hitler. [693] The new state would then be able to ensure that all citizens had access to work, food, shelter, healthcare, and education, with the wastefulness of capitalism eliminated by a new, standardised economic system. Caucasus as Stalin's 'henchman' or 'sidekick' seems dubious, given the number of times that the party leadership appears to have been taken by surprise by the former's actions. [96] After the heist, Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son. [220] By that time, Sovnarkom had turned its attention to spreading proletarian revolution abroad, to this end forming the Communist International in March 1919; Stalin attended its inaugural ceremony. [139] According to Montefiore, this was "Stalin's most famous work". He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide. )[38] He also read Das Kapital, the 1867 book by German sociological theorist Karl Marx. Continuation of the notes. [459] A week later, Germany invaded Poland, sparking the UK and France to declare war on Germany. [712] Stalin's doctrine held that socialism could be completed in Russia but that its final victory there could not be guaranteed because of the threat from capitalist intervention. [714], Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. [594] It launched the Marshall Plan in June 1947, with which it sought to undermine Soviet hegemony throughout Eastern Europe. [318] Bukharin and several other Central Committee members were angry that they had not been consulted about this measure, which they deemed rash. [500] He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely. In these letters, Lenin expressed concern about a potential split in the Bolshevik Central Committee, chiefly because of the rivalry and animosity between Stalin and Trotsky: [237] Stalin felt disgraced and increased his antipathy toward Trotsky. [721] In private he often used coarse language and profanity, although avoided doing so in public. [187] He co-signed Lenin's decrees shutting down hostile newspapers,[188] and along with Sverdlov, he chaired the sessions of the committee drafting a constitution for the new Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. [317] Stalin announced that both kulaks and the "middle peasants" must be coerced into releasing their harvest. [74] Georgia was particularly affected. His experience as Commissar of Nationality Affairs, a position he held from 1918 through to the winding-up of the position with the creation of the USSR at the end of 1923, provided Stalin with the opportunity to exercise leadership at both the theoretical and practical level. He is called Joseph Stalin, also known as the man of steel. Joseph Stalin Russia- how came to power. [383] Government policiesincluding the focus on rapid industrialisation, the socialisation of livestock, and the emphasis on sown areas over crop rotationexacerbated the problem;[388] the state had also failed to build reserve grain stocks for such an emergency. [639] In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. [48] They attempted to arrest him in March 1901, but he escaped and went into hiding,[49] living off the donations of friends and sympathisers. What title was stalin given n 1922? [434] In May, this was followed by the arrest of most members of the military Supreme Command and mass arrests throughout the military, often on fabricated charges. [621] In December 1949, Mao visited Stalin. Mussolini was the first child of the local blacksmith. [402] Stalin admired Hitler, particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the Nazi Party in the Night of the Long Knives. [196] His department allocated funds for establishment of presses and schools in the languages of various ethnic minorities. [495] Responding to the invasion, the Soviets intensified their industrial enterprises in central Russia, focusing almost entirely on production for the military. Through terror, murder, brutality and mass imprisonment, he modernized the Soviet economy. General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Here are 10 facts about Joseph Stalin. The Soviet Union itself had only been formed a few years earlier in 1918, but when the communist leader . [180] Stalin backed Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party, although they did form a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. [937] In December 2010, unknown persons decapitated it and it was destroyed in a bomb attack in 2011. [171], On 24 October, police raided the Bolshevik newspaper offices, smashing machinery and presses; Stalin salvaged some of this equipment to continue his activities. History. 4. . [529] Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [507] While Red Army generals saw evidence that Hitler would shift efforts south, Stalin considered this to be a flanking move in a renewed effort to take Moscow. [425] There were mass expulsions from the party,[426] with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements. Smallpox as a child left him with lasting scars and a deformity. During the Great Terror, Stalin's secret police, the NKVD, rounded up more than 150,000 during its Polish Operation in 1937-38, 110,000 of whom were shot dead. [613], Stalin suggested that a unified, but demilitarised, German state be established, hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral. With the death of Stalin in 1953, however, Nikita Khrushchev assumed control over the Soviet Union. "[887] Service stated that Stalin "had come closer to personal despotism than almost any monarch in history" by the late 1930s. Stalin's original Georgian name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (, While forced to give up control of the Secretariat almost immediately after succeeding Stalin as the body's, Although there is inconsistency among published sources about Stalin's exact date of birth, Ioseb Jughashvili is found in the records of the Uspensky Church in Gori, Georgia as born on 18 December (, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar of Defense of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar for Nationalities of the RSFSR, People's Commissar of Defense of the SovietUnion, Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies, robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank, Joseph Stalin during the Russian Revolution, Civil War, and the PolishSoviet War, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, granting Finland's request for independence in December, Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide, Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union), major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), as well as sitting members of the Central Committee, attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party of Great Britain (MarxistLeninist), Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II, Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin, History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization, "The USSR and the Former Italian Colonies, 194550", "New Study Supports Idea Stalin Was Poisoned", "Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says", " ' ", "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33: A Reply to Ellman", "Labor Misallocation and Mass Mobilization: Russian Agriculture during the Great War", "Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments", "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 19311934", "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence", "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria", "The Soviet-German War 194145 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay", "GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1953. [41] At night, he attended secret workers' meetings[42] and was introduced to Silibistro "Silva" Jibladze, the Marxist founder of Mesame Dasi ("Third Group"), a Georgian socialist group. [345] To promote intensification of labour, a series of medals and awards as well as the Stakhanovite movement were introduced. [472] He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them. [706] He read about, and admired, two Tsars in particular: Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great. [834] According to Montefiore, Stalin's friendships "meandered between love, admiration, and venomous jealousy". [643] That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine. [799] He protected several Soviet writers from arrest and prosecution, such as Mikhail Bulgakov, even when their work was labelled harmful to his regime. [586] Much of this was constructed by prison labour. [724] He remained proud of his Georgian identity,[725] and throughout his life retained a heavy Georgian accent when speaking Russian. RED FAMINE: STALIN'S WAR ON UKRAINE by Anne Applebaum. [564] He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back with them. [159] In a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd in March. [362] The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified,[363] with increased funding given to the League of Militant Atheists. [112] There he had affairs with at least two women; his landlady, Maria Kuzakova, later gave birth to his second son, Konstantin. The couple had a son, Iosif, in 1945, but Svetlana did not want to become a housewife: she subsequently had 3 abortions and divorced Morozov 2 years later. Stalin took on the title of premier from 1941 onwards actually. [809] Lenin was his favourite author but he also read, and sometimes appreciated, a great deal of writing by Leon Trotsky and other arch-enemies. One of the most powerful nations in the world between 1920 and 1990. [689] Leading this vanguard, he believed that the Soviet peoples needed a strong, central figureakin to a Tsarwhom they could rally around. [87] In April 1906, Stalin attended the RSDLP Fourth Congress in Stockholm; this was his first trip outside the Russian Empire. . [8] He was their only child to survive past infancy. By 1927, Stalin was the unquestioned ruler of the Soviet Union. [229] On 16 July, the Central Committee decided to take the war into Polish territory. [740] He was born with a webbed left foot, and his left arm had been permanently injured in childhood which left it shorter than his right and lacking in flexibility,[741] which was probably the result of being hit, at the age of 12, by a horse-drawn carriage. [148] In the hamlet, Stalin had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygina, who was fourteen at the time but within the legal age of consent in Tsarist Russia. [462] A GermanSoviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. [355] Conservative social policies were promoted to enhance social discipline and boost population growth; this included a focus on strong family units and motherhood, re-criminalisation of homosexuality, restrictions placed on abortion and divorce, and abolition of the Zhenotdel women's department. [759] After 1932, he favoured holidays in Abkhazia, being a friend of its leader, Nestor Lakoba. [414] In September 1934, he launched a commission to investigate false imprisonments; that same month he called for the execution of workers at the Stalin Metallurgical Factory accused of spying for Japan. [29] He continued writing poetry; five of his poems, on themes such as nature, land and patriotism, were published under the pseudonym of "Soselo" in Ilia Chavchavadze's newspaper Iveria (Georgia). [428] In July 1937, the Politburo ordered a purge of "anti-Soviet elements" in society, targeting anti-Stalin Bolsheviks, former Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, priests, ex-White Army soldiers, and common criminals. [327] By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to 90%. [299], Stalin was now the party's supreme leader,[300] although he was not the head of government, a task he entrusted to his key ally Vyacheslav Molotov. [65] His second attempt, in January 1904, was successful and he made it to Tiflis. [696] In his book, Foundations of Leninism, he stated that "Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution". [612] It was aimed at establishing economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc. [880] He has also been labelled a "red fascist". [349] The first major show trial in the USSR was the Shakhty Trial of 1928, in which several middle-class "industrial specialists" were convicted of sabotage. [421] The first Moscow Trial took place in August 1936; Kamenev and Zinoviev were among those accused of plotting assassinations, found guilty in a show trial, and executed. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution. What title was Stalin given in 1922? [306], In 1926, Stalin published On Questions of Leninism. [261] Stalin believed this would encourage independence sentiment among non-Russians, instead arguing that ethnic minorities would be content as "autonomous republics" within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. May: Lenin is removed to a party sanitorium at Gorki, with Stalin given responsibility for attending to his security, . [892], A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. [509] This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. Leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953, "Stalin" redirects here. [405] At the Communist International's 7th Congress, held in JulyAugust 1935, the Soviet government encouraged Marxist-Leninists to unite with other leftists as part of a popular front against fascism. [364] Religion retained an influence over much of the population; in the 1937 census, 57% of respondents were willing to admit to being religious. [51] He continued to evade arrest by using aliases and sleeping in different apartments. [655] Stalin died on 5 March 1953. [629] When the Israeli ambassador Golda Meir arrived in the USSR, Stalin was angered by the Jewish crowds who gathered to greet her. [274] Favouring new Communist Party members from proletarian backgrounds, to the "Old Bolsheviks" who tended to be middle class university graduates,[275] he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. [342], Many of major construction projects, including the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Moscow Metro, were constructed largely through forced labour. [290], In late 1924, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from key positions. Lithuania [556] Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that "atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world. [432] His personal writings from the period were according to Khlevniuk "unusually convoluted and incoherent", filled with claims about enemies encircling him. LDGeo5364 LDGeo5364 29.11.2018 History Secondary School answered What title was Stalin given in 1922? Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. [266] Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya, who had personal differences with Stalin;[254] Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity. [307] In 1927, there was some argument in the party over Soviet policy regarding China. [933] A 2017 Pew Research survey had 57% of Georgians saying he played a positive role in history, compared to 18% of those expressing the same for Mikhail Gorbachev. [224] In February 1920, he was appointed to head the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate;[225] that same month he was also transferred to the Caucasian Front. 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