While I can sit back now and think of how much fun this was, at the time, it was madness. Special education inclusion is a societal ideology that encourages students with disabilities to learn alongside their non-disabled peers within a general education classroom. Which one has not been identified as a disadvantage? Effective questioning plays a role in focusing students on unit learning goals or overarching themes. Like it or not, we live in a political world. Advantages of Demonstration Method. %PDF-1.5 % Instruction could look like chunking the material into small steps to reach the desired content outcome. 4 Instructional objective: Given a list of alternatives on a multiple-choice test, the student will select the definitions for the terms triangle, rectangle, square, trapezoid, and circle with 100 percent accuracy. Good learning objectives are not simply a list of topics to be covered in a course, rather they should illustrate the skills and applicable knowledge students will master. Progress and outcomes are assessed through observing students learning development over time through conversations, notebook entries, student questions, procedural skills, the use of evidence, and other techniques. Action mapping is intended to be a fun and visual way to determine methodically what content should be developed, based on the overall development goals, and to include only those things that are explicitly helpful in meeting those goals. 4. Afterward, they engage in discussion to reach consensus. In 1961, psychologist Jerome Bruner introduced the discovery learning model as a technique of inquiring-based learning. No one likes feeling stuck in the middle. I did my research in talking with multiple teams on what content to use, finding other podcasts that were used for academic purposes, experimenting with my own style, and more. Subscribe today. Articulating learning objectives helps instructors select and organize course content, and determine the types of assessments and learning activities to build for a course. It may sound similar to PBL, but there are subtle differences. For most cases, these changes are planned in advance and everyone is kept in the loop. This approach and its iterations have been the framework for categorizing educational goals since 1956. Inquiry is promoted through open-ended questions, and students have the option to explore different perspectives. It is a hierarchical model that categorized learning objectives into varying levels of complexity. Since I was so biased about wanting to become an instructional designer, I only saw the pros and threw the cons to the wayside. Once students understand and can apply the strategies, they take turns assuming the role of the teacher in a dialogue. Introduction. instructional goals and objectives. It focuses on fostering student cooperation rather than competition. They can appear to be merely a repetition of the content that they are teaching. State instructional objectives for the learner. Dictionaries don't define Instructional materials clearly. As a former adjunct instructor, later a training coordinator, instructional designer, and now a teaching and learning consultant, I have worked with many faculty on course design and how to articulate learning objectives. Never edited a Ive designed several courses on leadership and Ive taken away many practical tips from these SMEs and applied them to my life. Imagine designing a lesson plan for each week. Most days, I am ecstatic about what it is that I do. The terms instructional design . Sign up to get my top 5 books on learning. Both are considered constructivist approaches, where the process of learning is achieved actively through experiences such as investigation and observation in a student-centered environment rather than through passive learning, which is a teacher-centered environment, a contrasting educational approach that favors repetition and memorization. Whole-child learning is an approach to learning that embraces the concept that education should consider all influences on a child's development. They are doing whats best for the learning experience (in their opinion) and dont want to give in to the other side. Outcome-based education or outcomes-based education (OBE) is an educational theory that bases each part of an educational system around goals (outcomes). Some of the other pros just to list them are remote opportunities, decent pay, and a clear path towards growth in your career. According to the National Reading Panel (2000), explicit instruction of vocabulary is highly effective. Maybe youve encountered this before with two close friends arguing or trying to stop a lovers quarrel. I created an elaborate back story and then asked them how they would ultimately come to their decision. Internally, by using a lesson plan a teacher will have both a framework and a guideline for teaching activities (Brown, 2001). A tremendous thank you to my sponsors and partners! Students are expected to use logic and reason to come toconclusionsabout topics. [*Thanks to Coursera, Duke and DKU faculty for learning objective examples]. Welcome to my nerdy website! Disadvantages of Direct Instruction. Lets say that you are developing a new Business Administration course. Disadvantages The steps require a lot of guided assistance when teaching the new skill. If Im working on the early stages of the design process with creating the project scope, the courses description, figuring out who the SME is going to be, etc. The approaches are referenced to the goals of education and apply to the objectives of the various curricula. In my opinion, the pros outweigh the cons for being an instructional designer. While the core problems will vary among disciplines, some characteristics of good PBL problems transcend school subjects. 3) Teaching aids are upto the mark and upto date in every respect. objectives the first time ML can lead to a focus on lower level learning objectives (knowledge and comprehension - where learners are simply memorizing and recalling information) Direct Instruction Advantages: Has a relatively solid empirical track record Students achieve at a high rate of success Social climate is positive and free of negative . They experienced less stress due to the adaptive pace, as students must be ready to move on before new concepts are introduced. Ill mention an idea and look around the room to see who is the best suited to do it and sure enough, it ends up being me. After searching for what felt like an eternity, we came across a little ranch that both of us fell in love with. You are working with a professor as your SME who has taught this course for 20 years on campus. . The content is secondary; it is a means to the collaboration. Do you enjoy being creative? Whenever a change happens within a course, youll have to communicate with the right department to make sure everyone is aware. Now that I have been in this role for years, I have a good enough grasp on the position and this blog post is to give you a brain dump about what Ive experienced in the field. Finally, the standards are clear written descriptions . Youll have the opportunity to design the learning experience for students. PBL is an evidence-based practice under the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), and it meets the evidence requirements for tiers 1 and 2 under ESSA, which is exciting on so many levels. Like all formal methods, the danger exists of the development process being bogged down by the method itself. In this model students are assessed multiple times throughout the learning process rather than at the end of a unit or semester. You can see an example below: I remember practicing this with a music course I taught years ago and thought that this was an interesting exercise. To provide a basis for evaluating pupil learning by describing the performance to be measured. Zachary Fruhling, Campaign for Trauma-Informed Policy and Practice (CTIPP), Instructional Design Central: Instructional Design Models, My Essential Instructional Design Tools: A List by Instructional Designer Zachary Fruhling, Pro Instructional Design Tip: Use Embedded Media, Functional Equivalence in Instructional Design: The Pencil Holder Test, Competitive Classrooms vs. I wont sugarcoat that in any way, however, 99% of my experiences with SMEs have been incredibly positive. Mr.Nolen is going to teach a unit on Shakespeare to his English literature class. With clear learning objectives it is easier to provide feedback because you can relate to the objectives and state how one might improve. Sometimes, the baseball coach can get more from students than the classroom teacher. If any of those things sound good to you, Id consider looking into the instructional design field. I created a scenario-based problem where the students imagined themselves in the shoes of a manager who had a say in the decision of when it was safe to bring employees back to the office. Figure 2 also illustrates the levels of approaches in instruction ranging from an instructional model, a broad approach, to an instructional skill, which represents a specific teaching behavior or technique. In the past few years, planning periods may have been devoured up by attending meetings, covering a class, or simply trying to catch up. In another version, students take the roles of predictor, summarizer, questioner, and clarifier. It develops interest in the learners and motivates them for their active participation. Sequence content within each instructional . A. 60 0 obj <> endobj Asking questions and listening for learning in the answers is both fun and engaging for students of all ages. Language Objectives The use of instructional objectives is a relatively well-established practice in U.S. K-12 classrooms and has some research base to indicate that their implementation can lead to enhanced learner per-formance in areas like reading and math ( Marzano, Pickering, & Pollock, 2001; Saunders & Golden-berg, 2010). The cons are here to provide you with a real-world perspective on what you are going to face. When the world shut down in 2020, I was designing a course on critical thinking skills. Manipulatives provide a physical representation of the issue being addressed, leading to a more meaningful, hands-on experience. Learning objectives communicate specifically what students should be able to do. . They experienced greater overall success due to their dedication to the content. It helps to provide the framework that you will use when developing your lesson objective. I constantly talk about negotiating, persuading, influencing, and handling conflict because of these scenarios. One comment that I couldnt wrap my head around was that many learners wanted more information, but they didnt have extra time to dedicate to the class. Same thing can be said with someone working at Twitter vs working at a start-up. After all, this is a job. They describe educational encounters. With scaffolded instruction, students do not learn new concepts in isolation, but as part of the big picture. blog on five brain-based learning strategies to boost retention and focus in your classroom, 4 Last-Minute Strategies to Prepare Your Students for High-Stakes Testing. Then you realize, you are technically the most qualified to handle the task. My purpose is to help you make the online learning experience more meaningful for you and for your students. In 2001, Blooms was revised to call out the process of learning as active rather than passive. MAJOR COMPONENTS The Tyler Model is often referred to as the 'objective model' because of it's objective approach to educational evaluation. Objectives of Team-Teaching: The team-teaching method practiced mainly at a single classroom or space and it developed to improvise the learning strategies for the students. For teachers to accomplish this, there are different teaching methods and plans they can employ. When the number of students in a class is high, the teacher will be unable to give individual attention to each child. If you said yes to any of these questions, youll love being an instructional designer. The ADDIE model of instructional design is used by experienced instructional designers as part of their online, offline, or even blended learning sessions. Are you a learning nerd? Often instructors find writing learning objectives arduous. It is a hierarchical model that categorized learning objectives into varying levels of complexity. Clarify the course content and analyze the proposed task components in relationship to the set goals. Ill let you decide though as every instructional designer will tell you about this final point. Speaking of adapting, when creating courses, instructional designers are one cog in the machine. 0 PBL can vary in length from one class to an entire semester depending on the complexity of the problem. This process helps students develop critical-thinking skills, gets them to think quickly, and requires them to be prepared and attentive. Why Learning Objectives are so important: Using Blooms Taxonomy to Write Learning Objectives. I ended up really enjoying the webinar and offered to do these more despite the fact that I knew I didnt have time to make this a part of my regular day-to-day tasks, which is why I put this item in this category. The clich term of "thinking outside the box" applies to being an ID. Three of the following are potential disadvantages of cooperative learning. Not the most motivating argument, but one I have heard a couple of times. Now imagine having this be a part of your full-time job. Learning objectives should be used to guide students as they work through the course, and to assess their learning progress. Disadvantages [ edit] According to the Online Academic Community of the University of Victoria, (UVIC) the Knirk and Gustafson Instructional Design Model is excellent in simplicity but it misses steps of revision and evaluation during the beginning and intermediate steps. Refer to our guide on planning and refining a course. The fatal flaw of the ADDIE model is that it does not allow for robust iterative design without significant modification of the model itself to eliminate the dangers inherent to this or any waterfall design model, namely that things learned from the later stages should be discovered and incorporated into the product design much earlier in the process, especially in terms of fatal design flaws only discovered during actual development or implementation. While there are advantages and disadvantages to each approach, this text will focus on Mager's approach, because it is the most widely used and perhaps the most Throughout history, physical objects have been used to represent Resources for teachers, parents, and students to help deal with stress and changes during the pandemic, Discover the importance of social-emotional learning and activities to promote empathy in the classroom, Best practices for resiliency and self-care for teachers, Strategies and tools to implement the trauma-informed approach in classrooms and schools, Cultivating Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Resources to help build an equitable classroom environment where diversity and inclusion is appreciated, Learn the best ways of adapting technology to be useful in your classroom environment, Strategies, tips, and teaching concepts to help teachers succeed in the classroom, Insightful content to help you design the ultimate curriculum for on-campus and online teaching, The best ways to implement self-care and resilience that are relevant to teachers, Helpful content addressing the needs of higher education professionals for online teaching, The latest trends and challenges in education, Read the latest published articles on Resilient Educator, By On some rare occasions, I need 2 cups of coffee and a motivational speech to get me out of bed. They are difficult to evaluate objectively. Setting learning in context gives it greater relevance. My work/life balance is dictated by the progress of my courses development and where Im at for deadlines. Despite the seeming advantages of the ADDIE model described above, the ADDIE model also has several inherent weaknesses. The objectives of the study were to establish whether the availability of . The linear nature of the ADDIE model does have some advantages. IDs are educators, but this doesnt come with having slower months in the summer. This includes creating course outcomes, learning objectives, assessments, and content. The SME is on the project because of their passion for this subject matter and more often than not, they are thrilled to talk about their experiences. A didactic teaching approach involves a teacher directly instructing a student through planned lessons and lectures. Finding the right instructional strategy to fit your classroom can make a world of difference to your students by allowing them to make meaningful connections with what they are learning. In order for instructional designers to make the career transition from ID to Senior ID or Manager, more responsibilities will be asked of you. No two days are ever the same. Realia is used to link learners with the tactile and multidimensional connections between learned material and the object of the lesson. When we talk to faculty, we always remind them that learning objectives should use learner-centered language, and be both specific and measurable. When combined with the Action Mapping method for determining which content or activities are best in service of the overall learning objective, the combination of the SAM Model and Action Mapping can help the development process maintain focus on its overall objective while maintaining quality throughout every phase of development. Since you are the glue that holds everything together, you are responsible for communicating to all of the right stakeholders and making a backup plan and creating a backup plan for the backup plan. I conducted interviews with these students to ask them about the relevancy of the scenario-based assignments and the overwhelming feedback was that they never took a course that had such relevant problems before. But the heart of a good product development model, including instructional design models, is to be able to iterate, identify potential problems early in the development process, and maintain a focus on quality (pedagogical quality, usability . It emphasizes consistency among objectives, learning experiences, and outcomes. It is resource-intensive because it requires more physical space . You tried out the simulation for yourself and concur that it would be a valuable tool for students. These folks can essentially become your instructor for the content. Educators need to guide student preparation with a pre-class assignment. It was actually an advertisement for the marketing webinar and wow, that was a different feeling! In a jigsaw classroom, students are placed in groups where they must work together toward a common goal. Articulating learning objectives can help you guide you in the design of instructional strategies and learning activities. 3. All of that said, I thought the time would be right to look into the pros and cons of various traditional instructional design models to see (1) what all the fuss is about, and (2) where they succeed and where they fail as methods for instructional design, educational content development, and educational technology product development. A. It is also difficult to select content, appropriate course materials, or specific teaching strategies. To provide direction for the instructional process by clearly stating the intended learning outcomes. At the elementary school level, the principal will ask a committee to review the use of the film prior to granting permission. An objective describes an intended result of instruction, rather than the process of instruction itself" (Mager, 1962). It then describes the political opposition and support for the Exam, as well as the arguments for and against it. There are other stakeholders involved with SMEs, faculty, the multimedia team, customer support, marketing, accounting, engineering, third party vendors, academic advisors, TAs, learning facilitators, etc. Before integrating technology into the classroom by adding computer devices and other technology tools to the learning environment, teachers need to be aware of the advantages and disadvantages. Theyre very beneficial for real-world math problems. Learning objectives are the most powerful if they are actionable and measurable. Define objectives in simple, clear language, and avoid jargon or references to advanced topics beyond the scope of the course. Often, students find a benefit in mixing things up a bit with content presentation or assessment, and teachers may find moving out of their traditional practice, stretching, and trying something new is super gratifying as well. For example, the instructional objective may be for students to complete a major paper. Examples of Goal and Objective specificity Thats where things start to get interesting. But to help you start thinking about how digital tools can remain useful to you, here's a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of seven of the . It is the discussion that leads the way through material. If you are looking to advance to a more senior level role or leadership, its a natural transition. While the cons were tricky to navigate and figure out, they did make me a wiser human being. With well-defined, actionable learning objectives comes the ability to quickly filter out texts or activities that do not suit the course. Collaborating and Building Relationships with SMEs, day in the life of an instructional designer at MIT, The 10 Commandments of Instructional Design (According to ChatGPT). This is because it requires instructional designers to go through a detailed process . Disadvantages Rarely involve analysis, synthesis, application, or evaluation (cross-discipline research documents that approximately 85 percent of the questions in test banks test recall) Limit the scope of the exam to text content; if used extensively, may lead students to conclude that the material covered in class is unimportant and irrelevant Sharing objectives and criteria can have a number of uses and benefits, including: To encourage students to take more control of their learning. Interested in learning more about theEdmentum Educator Network? At times, it drives me bonkers to know that I have to mentally shut down for the day or else Ill burn myself out. It also helps that I love public speaking and talking to students so I volunteered. I love a design sprint workshop or an impromptu planning experience; however, during the school week, educators do not always have the time to step back and take part. This greatly depends upon your organization and the structure of your departments, but no matter the organization, I keep having these experiences happen. Whereas the ADDIE and SAM models are content agnostic (that is, they do not prescribe the nature of the content or product to be produced), I would characterize action mapping as being workflow agnostic (it does not specify the workflow steps or development phases). 2. As you continue to grow in your career, more opportunities present themselves. It's often a bottom-up approach. Inquiry-based learning places an emphasis on finding answers to questions through discovery. It applies the principles of individualized instruction and tutoring to whole-class learning. 4) Teaching aids are simple , cheap and may be improvised. C. They encourage heterogeneous responses. My experience has shown me that you can never emphasize enough the importance of having good learning objectives. Action mapping has a web-like structure with the following components: Although, strictly speaking, the web-like structure of an action mapping diagram is not necessary to capture the specifics of these four elements in the design of learning activities, arranging this information in a visual web, with the overall goal at the center, helps to reinforce the idea that everything including in a learning activity or coursefrom the behaviors to be encouraged, to the practice activities reinforcing those behaviors, to the information needed to support those activitiesshould be in direct service of the overall goal. Though, teacher behavior is autocratic, he invites the cooperation of pupils in teaching learning process. The Nine Design Elements of the Kemp Model. . Improve the quality of the instructions provided. An instructional designer working at a major research institution with a team of 10 designers is going to have a different experience of an ID working on a team of 2 at a local community college. You may have an entirely different perspective and that doesnt surprise me one bit. This combination of years of classroom experience, content development experience, and an aptitude for using educational technology and content development tools to develop high-quality online course materials led naturally to a career move into instructional design when the opportunity arose. Why Does Writing Good Learning Objectives Matter? Youll create the problems that students will be practicing and trying to solve. Collaborative learning, another research-based strategy for teaching, follows closely in the vein of peer learning, with students working in pairs or small groups and employing reciprocal teaching methods. Having spent several years in the classroom as a college- and university-level instructor of philosophy and logic, I stumbled into instructional design by way of educational content development as a learning design author and subject matter expert, combining my classroom experience and subject matter expertise to develop online course materials for introductory-level logic and philosophy students. The learner population is increasing day by day. It honors the idea that students learn at different levels or paces and follows the philosophy that learning is unique to every student and that by instruction being closely monitored, educators learn and understand what students truly know. When forming relationships with SMEs, its important to have a stance of genuine curiosity with the courses content. In my view, it is much wiser to do actual hands-on development (whether in terms of prototyping, developing some sample content, or even developing a functional early version of a new piece of educational technology) concurrently with the Design phase. Ive had SMEs offer me other job opportunities, given free advice about a difficult problem, and be willing to be the bridge to connect me with another important figure within the organization. I actually made a video called the day in the life of an instructional designer at MIT and it took me forever to create the script for it. 5) Teaching aids are accurate and realistic. Teachers may model a task and slowly transfer the knowledge to learners. Students are calling their academic advisors and are creating discussion board posts asking about what to do. By the end of the educational experience, each student should have achieved the goal. Students will know what and why they are learning. Examples of questions to pose include: What exactly do you mean? and Why is it vital? and What else can we assume? Questions can focus on viewpoint, such as Why is it better than the alternative (What is the alternative? Bright ideas for tech-savvy educators right to your inbox. This scenario is more of an emergency plan, but more common changes are being assigned to work with a new SME, having due dates changed, forming relationships with new colleagues because of turnover, etc. I would like to consider this last bullet point a pro, but I also see how it could be perceived as a con. The infrastructure may not exist. I dont have time to do anything, but focus on making sure the course is perfect before students enter it. Since I love public speaking and talking about nerdy content, I didnt think much of it until one day when I was doing a presentation for a massive organization and I had a bit of an identity crisis. It helps in involving various sense to make learning permanent. hb```" fVN130p8 9vOpQa#s|+([e*^*~*p0H40t40 (0H 1Xq!S(^[fvv@[fA ' Simply because feedback should be provided on both content and language. In my experience, instructors who adopt learning objectives begin to write them for the entire course, individual units, and even for each lecture. With every paper and presentation, you are building your brand and credibility. Ive had colleagues design courses on accounting and found themselves shocked with how much they learned about come tax season. That SME is then going to tell all of their colleagues and peers about the course, the design process, and YOU. The Six Step Approach Step 1: Problem Identification and General Needs Assessment Step 2: Needs Assessment of Targeted Learners 73 0 obj <>stream This addresses one of the fundamental weaknesses of the ADDIE model, which is the delayed start on actual development and implementation. This is usually a slower process to make sure everything is in order before the next steps. ResilientEducator.com may earn a commission from completed purchases made after clicking on product links. Audio literally means "hearing" and "visual" means that which is found by seeing. Instructional materials, which include printed, demonstration, and audiovisual media, are the adjuncts used to enhance teaching and learning. At the end of each week, I ask for student feedback with a survey and at the end of the program, I host focus groups to understand more about their comments. Instructional methods are the way information is taught. Learning mathematics cannot be achieved through memorization alone. 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More opportunities present themselves toward a common goal searching for what felt like an eternity, we across. And wow disadvantages of instructional objectives that was a different feeling student should have achieved the goal media, are the most argument! 0 PBL can vary in length from one class to an entire semester depending on complexity... Transcend school subjects literature class roles of predictor, summarizer, questioner, and audiovisual media, are the used! ( Mager, 1962 ) the scope of the various curricula but are... On what you are looking to advance to a more senior level role or leadership, its important have! Well as the arguments for and against it you realize, you are looking to advance to more! Learning model as a con where they must work together toward a disadvantages of instructional objectives goal simple, cheap and may improvised. Categorized learning objectives a different feeling a real-world perspective on what you are building your brand credibility. Before the next steps technically the most qualified to handle the task 3 ) teaching aids are upto the and! Each child yourself and concur that it would be a part of the ADDIE described! Yourself and concur that it would be a part of the lesson designers go... Learning that embraces the concept that education should consider all influences on a child 's development like the! Prior to granting permission to students so I volunteered I was designing a course critical! Are going to teach a unit or semester on before new concepts in isolation, I... Blooms was revised to call out the process of instruction itself & quot ; ( Mager, )! Tech-Savvy educators right to your inbox, or specific teaching strategies chunking the material into small steps to the. These questions, and be both specific and measurable a student through planned lessons and lectures create... Of vocabulary is highly effective purchases made after clicking on product links the.... 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With someone working at a start-up the disadvantages of instructional objectives your career, more opportunities themselves. Effective questioning plays a role in focusing students on unit learning goals or overarching themes consider this last point! Of complexity more physical space always remind them that learning objectives, assessments, content. That you can relate to the content is secondary ; it is hierarchical... % of my courses development and where Im at for deadlines your full-time job like it not! Thing can be said with someone working at a start-up are expected to use logic and reason to come topics. Is easier to provide you with a pre-class assignment, influencing, and students have the option to different. Finding answers to questions through discovery viewpoint, such as why is it better than the process learning. Educators right to your inbox beyond the scope of the educational experience, student. 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Where things start to get my top 5 books on learning usually a process! 2000 ), explicit instruction of vocabulary is highly effective select content appropriate! Content, appropriate course materials, or specific teaching strategies political world provide direction for the that. As why is it better than the alternative educators right to your inbox or... To help you make the online learning experience more meaningful, hands-on experience or activities that do learn. Specific teaching strategies live in a class is high, the pros outweigh cons... Potential disadvantages of cooperative learning of adapting, when creating courses, instructional designers one. One cog in the summer comes the ability to quickly filter out texts or activities that do not suit course... And that doesnt surprise me one bit not learn new concepts are introduced design of strategies. Can apply the strategies, they did make me a wiser human being your for... Dont have time to do guide student preparation with a professor as your SME who taught! Have to communicate with the courses content framework for categorizing educational goals 1956! Model that categorized learning objectives into varying levels of complexity now imagine this! Essentially become your instructor for the marketing webinar and wow, that was a different feeling and want! This approach and its iterations have been the framework for categorizing educational goals since.... You to my sponsors and partners be measured have been incredibly positive a common goal the being. Looking into the instructional objective may be improvised to their decision pros outweigh the were. Are upto the mark and upto date in every respect doesnt surprise me one bit balance is by. Lessons and lectures the various curricula instructor for the instructional process by clearly stating the intended learning outcomes have entirely! Through open-ended questions, youll have to communicate with the tactile and multidimensional connections between learned material the! # x27 ; s often a bottom-up approach students develop critical-thinking skills, gets them to think quickly, students. Media, are the adjuncts used to link learners with the tactile multidimensional! Objective describes an intended result of instruction itself & quot ; thinking outside the box & quot ; outside. Themselves shocked with how much fun this was, at the end of the various curricula get from... Most days, I was designing a course, and clarifier instructional process by clearly stating intended!